| Subject: | [socialcredit] J. F. Kenney | | Date: | Sunday, July 18, 2004 13:18:39 (-0700) | | From: | william_b_ryan <william_b_ryan @.....com>
|
Since its formulation more than eighty years ago,
Social Credit has been confronted by three main
groupings in opposition: from the "economists," the
crank "monetary reformers," and the "Malthusians,"
whose viewpoint Douglas variously described as
"Semitic," "Puritan," "Calvinist," "classic" or
"static."
It is a fundamental tenet of informed Christianity
that we are born into a world of abundance; that
there can be plenty for all without taking anything
away from anybody. If to comfortably survive it is
not necessary to take something away from somebody
else, an incentive to war has been removed.
It is my belief that developments over the last half
century in Russian geosciences (meaning the heartland
and territories of the former Soviet Union) did much
to undermine the philosophical underpinnings of the
communist regime, that were based on the Marxist
(classical economic) assumption of scarcity.
Those developments were largely unknown in the West
(meaning the United States and the former British
Empire). That ignorance could possibly - I'm not
saying it sufficiently does - explain the current
British and American obsession with Iraq, and
simultaneous European indifference.
The present President Bush grew up in the American
oil business, with its prejudices and biases. His
father, the first President Bush, made his personal
fortune in the epicenter of the exploration business,
Midland, Texas. He moved to Houston, got involved in
Republican Party politics, got elected a Congressman,
and the rest is history.
Oil companies have a bias to overvalue their proven
reserves and discoverable reserves, in order to hold
up their stock prices and sources of funding for
exploration. Their profitability very much depends
on tax depletion allowances, as their identifiable
reserves are exploited and "used up."
But their flawed theory causes them to look in the
wrong places, or rather, fail to look in the best
places, according to J. F. Kenney, the foremost
transmitter of the "modern Russian-Ukrainian" theory
to the West.
His website is http://gasresources.net/
---------------------------
F A I R U S E C L A I M E D
CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT RECENT PREDICTIONS
OF IMPENDING SHORTAGES OF PETROLEUM
EVALUATED FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF
MODERN PETROLEUM SCIENCE.
J. F. Kenney
Joint Institute of the Physics of the Earth
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow;
Gas Resources Corporation, Houston.
ABSTRACT: For almost a century, various predictions
have been made that the human race is imminently
going to run out of available petroleum. The passing
of time has proven all those predictions to have been
utterly wrong. It is pointed out here how all such
predictions have depended fundamentally upon an
archaic hypothesis from the 18th century that
petroleum somehow (miraculously) evolves from
biological detritus, and is accordingly limited in
abundance. That hypothesis has been replaced during
the past forty years by the modern Russian-Ukrainian
theory of deep, abiotic petroleum origins which has
established that petroleum is a primordial material
erupted from great depth. Therefore, petroleum
abundances are limited by little more than the
quantities of its constituents as were incorporated
into the Earth at the time of its formation; and its
availability depends upon technological development
and exploration competence.
-
"Rock oil originates as tiny bodies of animals buried
in the sediments which, under the influence of
increased temperature and pressure acting during an
unimaginably long period of time, transform into rock
oil [petroleum, or crude oil]"
Academician Mikhailo V. Lomonosov, "Slovo o reshdenii
metallov ot tryaseniya zemli," Proceedings of the
Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1757.
-
"The overwhelming preponderance of geological
evidence compels the conclusion that crude oil and
natural petroleum gas have no intrinsic connection
with biological matter originating near the surface
of the Earth. They are primordial materials which
have been erupted from great depths."
Academician Professor Vladimir B. Porfir'yev, senior
petroleum exploration geologist for the U.S.S.R., at
the All-Union Conference on Petroleum and Petroleum
Geology, Moscow, 1956.
-
"Statistical thermodynamic analysis has established
clearly that hydrocarbon molecules which comprise
petroleum require very high pressures for their
spontaneous formation, comparable to the pressures
required for the same of diamond. In that sense,
hydrocarbon molecules are the high-pressure
polymorphs of the reduced carbon system as is diamond
of elemental carbon. Any notion which might suggest
that hydrocarbon molecules spontaneously evolve in
the regimes of temperature and pressure characterized
by the near-surface of the Earth, which are the
regimes of methane creation and hydrocarbon
destruction, does not even deserve consideration."
Professor Emmanuil B. Chekaliuk, at All-Union
Conference on Petroleum and Petroleum Geology,
Moscow, 1968.
-
"The eleven major and one giant oil and gas fields
here described have been discovered in a region which
had, forty years ago, been condemned as possessing no
potential for petroleum production. The exploration
for these fields was conducted entirely according to
the perspective of the modern Russian-Ukrainian
theory of deep, abiotic petroleum origins. The
drilling which resulted in these discoveries was
extended purposely deep into the crystalline basement
rock, and it is in that basement where the greatest
part of the reserves exist. These reserves amount to
at least 8,200M metric tons of recoverable oil and
100B cubic meters of recoverable gas, and are thereby
comparable to those of the North Slope of Alaska. It
is conservatively estimated that, when developed,
these fields will provide approximately thirty
percent of the energy needs of the industrial nation
of Ukraine."
Professor Vladilen A. Krayushkin, Chairman of the
Department of Petroleum Exploration, Institute of
Geological Sciences, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences,
Kiev, and leader of the project for the exploration
of the northern flank of the Dnieper-Donets Basin, at
the VII-th International Symposium on the Observation
of the Continental Crust Through Drilling, Santa Fe,
New Mexico, 1994.
-
The purpose of this article is to present a
perspective with which the presently existing data of
known petroleum reserves and production ought best to
be evaluated. The particular subject of this article
is the application to such evaluation of the modern
Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, abiotic petroleum
origins, an extensive body of knowledge which has
been developed and applied during the last forty
years. Thus this article must be understood as one
dealing with the context of certain statistical data
involving the petroleum industry rather than one
concerning with the detailed content of any part of
that data. The specific data of the quantities of
known recoverable petroleum presented by several
recent writers will be taken in large part without
comment. However, many of the conclusions drawn from
such data, particularly such as purport to predict
the future of available petroleum reserves and of the
petroleum industry itself, will be weighed and
rejected from the perspective of modern petroleum
science.
Throughout the history of the petroleum industry,
there have been written numerous articles or reports
predicting an imminent demise of that industry all
predicated upon assumptions that the supply of
producible crude oil in the world was (supposedly)
being rapidly depleted and would soon (therefore) be
exhausted.(Campbell 1991; Fuller 1993; Campbell 1994;
Campbell 1995) In short, the world was (if such were
believed), "running out of oil." Happily, all such
predictions have, without a single exception, been
proven wrong.
Contrarily, the statistics of the international
petroleum industry establish that, far from
diminishing, the net known recoverable reserves of
petroleum have been growing steadily for the past
fifty years. Those statistics show that, for every
year since about 1946, the international petroleum
industry has discovered at least five new tons of
recoverable oil for every three which have been
consumed. As Professor P. Odell has put the
circumstance succinctly, instead of "running out of
oil," the human race by every measure seems to be
"running into oil".(Odell 1984; Odell 1991; Odell
1994)
The remarkable facts of such unrelieved errors for
the predictions of available petroleum contrasted
against those of its true availability demand
explanation. One purpose of this paper is to provide
such explanation. The explanation involves two
parts, both of which obtain from an extensive body of
scientific knowledge which peculiarly remains little
known outside its country of origin. The first part
of the explanation is simply forthcoming by pointing
out the single, simple, but utterly wrong assumption
upon which have been based all the "disaster"
predictions connected with fantasized shortages of
petroleum. The second part consists even more simply
of pointing out how the measured statistics of known
petroleum reserves are consistent with what should be
expected in light of modern petroleum science.
The errors concerning the abundances of petroleum on
Earth all obtain from a common, but fundamental,
misunderstanding about petroleum itself. All the
predictions about expected shortages of petroleum
hang by a single, weak thread on a remnant,
eighteenth-century notion which has been thoroughly
discredited in this century: the hypothesis that
petroleum might somehow originate from biological
detritus in sediments near the surface of the Earth.
That "biological hypothesis" was first published by
the famous Russian scientist Mikhailo Vasilyevich
Lomonosov in the year 1757 and is quoted above. That
notion of an origin of petroleum from biological
material has occasioned numerous misnomers concerning
petroleum as, for example, "fossil" fuel, and
associated, misleading phrases like "vanishing
resource." Because the volume of biological matter
on Earth is itself limited, the misunderstanding that
petroleum might originate from such has given rise
consequentially to a notion that petroleum should be
similarly limited, and somehow in connection with the
quantity of biogenic material observed in sediments.
The hypothesis that petroleum might somehow originate
from biological detritus in sediments near the
surface of the Earth is utterly wrong. It deserves
note that Lomonosov himself never meant for that
hypothesis to be taken as more than a reasonable
suggestion, to be tested against further observation
and laboratory experiment. The "biological
hypothesis" of petroleum origins has been rejected in
this century by scientific petroleum geologists
because it is formidably inconsistent with the
existing geological records "on the ground." That
hypothesis has been rejected also by physicists,
chemists, and engineers because it violates
fundamental physical law.
Lomonosov's eighteenth-century hypothesis of a
biogenic origin of petroleum has been replaced during
the past forty years by the modern theory of deep,
abiotic petroleum origins, an extensive and
formidable body of scientific knowledge which has
been developed in the former U.S.S.R., particularly
in the countries Russia and Ukraine. The modern
Russian-Ukrainian theory of petroleum has established
that petroleum is a primordial material of deep
origin which has been erupted into the crust of the
Earth.
With the elimination of the error that petroleum
might be some manifestation of transformed, but
limited, biological matter originating on the surface
of the Earth, the consequential errors connected with
its supposed limits both of quantity and habitat
vanish. Thus the errors of all the "doomsday"
predictions of petroleum shortages, which have never
subsequently occurred, are explained, - or, more
simply, eliminated.
Because the explanation of the errors connected with
the predictions about petroleum shortages obtains
simply from the modern Russian-Ukrainian theory of
deep, abiotic petroleum origins, and because that
theory is little known outside the former U.S.S.R.,
its subject deserves at least short mention.
The modern Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, abiotic
petroleum origins is an extensive body of scientific
knowledge covering the subjects of the chemical
genesis of hydrocarbon molecules, the physical
processes which occasion their terrestrial
concentration, the dynamical processes of the
movement of that material into geological reservoirs
of petroleum, and the location and economic
production of petroleum. As stated, the modern
theory has determined that petroleum is a primordial
material of deep origin which is transported at high
pressure via "cold" eruptive processes into the crust
of the Earth. The modern Russian-Ukrainian theory is
almost unique among what too often pass as "theories"
in the field of geology (especially in the U.S.A.) in
that it is based not only upon extensive geological
observation but also upon rigorous, analytical,
physical reasoning. Much of the modern Russian
theory of deep, abiotic petroleum genesis developed
from the sciences of chemistry and thermodynamics,
and accordingly the modern theory has steadfastly
held as a central tenet that the generation of
hydrocarbons must conform to the general laws of
chemical thermodynamics, - as must likewise all
matter. With the exception of methane, the alkane of
the lowest chemical potential of all hydrocarbons,
and to a lesser extent ethene, the alkene of the
lowest chemical potential of its homologous molecular
series, petroleum has no intrinsic association with
biological material. Methane is thermodynamically
stable in the pressure and temperature regime of the
near-surface crust of the Earth and accordingly can
be generated there spontaneously, as is indeed
observed for such phenomena as swamp gas or sewer
gas. However, methane is practically the sole
hydrocarbon molecule possessing such characteristic
in that thermodynamic regime; almost all other
reduced hydrocarbon molecules excepting only the
lightest ones, are high pressure polymorphs of the
hydrogen-carbon system. The genesis of heavier
hydrocarbons occurs only in multi-kilobar regimes of
high pressures [Note 1].
The modern Russian theory of deep, abiotic petroleum
origins is no longer an item of academic debate among
persons in university faculties in the former Soviet
Union. This body of knowledge is now approximately a
half century old and has moved considerably beyond
the stages of academic research and scientific
testing. Today the modern theory is applied as a
useful tool and the guiding perspective in petroleum
exploration throughout the former Soviet Union. Such
was exactly one of the primary points brought out in
a paper delivered at an international conference held
in Santa Fe, New Mexico, in May 1994, concerning the
discovery of the eleven major and one giant oil and
gas fields in the Dnieper-Donets Basin.(Krayushkin,
Tchebanenko et al. 1994)
Because of the general lack of familiarity outside
the former U.S.S.R. with the modern Russian-Ukrainian
theory of deep, abiotic petroleum origins, several
immediate facts about that body of knowledge deserve
to be set forth.
The modern Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, abiotic
petroleum origins is not new or recent. This theory
was first enunciated by Professor Nikolai Kudryavtsev
in 1951, almost a half century ago,(Kudryavtsev 1951)
and has undergone extensive development, refinement,
and application since its introduction. There have
been more than four thousand articles published in
the Soviet scientific journals, and many books,
dealing with the modern theory. This writer is
presently co-authoring a book upon the subject of the
development and applications of the modern theory of
petroleum for which the bibliography requires more
than thirty pages.
The modern Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, abiotic
petroleum origins is not the work of any one single
man, - nor of a few men. The modern theory was
developed by hundreds of scientists in the (now
former) U.S.S.R., including many of the finest
geologists, geochemists, geophysicists, and
thermodynamicists of that country. There have now
been more than two generations of geologists,
geophysicists, chemists, and other scientists in the
U.S.S.R. who have worked upon and contributed to the
development of the modern theory.(Kropotkin 1956;
Anisimov, Vasilyev et al. 1959; Kudryavtsev 1959;
Porfir'yev 1959; Kudryavtsev 1963; Raznitsyn 1963;
Krayushkin 1965; Markevich 1966; Dolenko 1968;
Dolenko 1971; Linetskii 1974; Letnikov, Karpov et al.
1977; Porfir'yev and Klochko 1981; Krayushkin
1984)[Note 2]
The modern Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, abiotic
petroleum origins is not untested or speculative. On
the contrary, the modern theory was severely
challenged by many traditionally-minded geologists at
the time of its introduction; and during the first
decade then after, the modern theory was thoroughly
examined, extensively reviewed, powerfully debated,
and rigorously tested. Every year following 1951,
there were important scientific conferences organized
in the U.S.S.R. to debate and evaluate the modern
theory, its development, and its predictions. The
All-Union conferences in petroleum and petroleum
geology in the years 1952-1964/5 dealt particularly
with this subject. (During the period when the
modern theory was being subjected to extensive
critical challenge and testing, a number of the men
pointed out that there had never been any similar
critical review or testing of the traditional
hypothesis that petroleum might somehow have evolved
spontaneously from biological detritus.)
The modern Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, abiotic
petroleum origins is not a vague, qualitative
hypothesis, but stands as a rigorous analytic theory
within the mainstream of the modern physical
sciences. In this respect, the modern theory differs
fundamentally not only from the previous hypothesis
of a biological origin of petroleum but also from all
traditional geological hypotheses. Since the
nineteenth century, knowledgeable physicists,
chemists, thermodynamicists, and chemical engineers
have regarded with grave reservations (if not
outright disdain) the suggestion that highly reduced
hydrocarbon molecules of high free enthalpy (the
constituents of crude oil) might somehow evolve
spontaneously from highly oxidized biogenic molecules
of low free enthalpy. Beginning in 1964, Soviet
scientists carried out extensive theoretical
statistical thermodynamic analysis which established
explicitly that the hypothesis of evolution of
hydrocarbon molecules (except methane) from biogenic
ones in the temperature and pressure regime of the
Earth's near-surface crust was glaringly in violation
of the second law of thermodynamics. They also
determined that the evolution of reduced hydrocarbon
molecules requires pressures of magnitudes
encountered at depths equal to such of the mantle of
the Earth. During the second phase of its
development, the modern theory of petroleum was
entirely recast from a qualitative argument based
upon a synthesis of many qualitative facts into a
quantitative argument based upon the analytical
arguments of quantum statistical mechanics and
thermodynamic stability theory.(Chekaliuk 1967; Boiko
1968; Chekaliuk 1971; Chekaliuk and Kenney 1991;
Kenney 1995) With the transformation of the modern
theory from a synthetic geology theory arguing by
persuasion into an analytical physical theory arguing
by compulsion, petroleum geology entered the
mainstream of modern science.
The modern Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, abiotic
petroleum origins is not controversial nor presently
a matter of academic debate. The period of debate
about this extensive body of knowledge has been over
for approximately two decades (Simakov 1986). The
modern theory is presently applied extensively
throughout the former U.S.S.R. as the guiding
perspective for petroleum exploration and development
projects. There are presently more than 80 oil and
gas fields in the Caspian district alone which were
explored and developed by applying the perspective of
the modern theory and which produce from the
crystalline basement rock.(Krayushkin, Chebanenko et
al. 1994) Similarly, such exploration in the western
Siberia cratonic-rift sedimentary basin has developed
90 petroleum fields of which 80 produce either partly
or entirely from the crystalline basement. The
exploration and discoveries of the 11 major and 1
giant fields on the northern flank of the Dneiper-
Donets basin have already been noted. There are
presently deep drilling exploration projects under
way in Azerbaijan, Tatarstan, and Asian Siberia
directed to testing potential oil and gas reservoirs
in the crystalline basement.
The errors involved in predictions about the future
availability of petroleum, inevitably occasioned by
an inappropriate application of the rococo hypothesis
that petroleum somehow miraculously evolved from
limited volumes of biogenic matter, obtain generally
from the very notion of such as a "limited, fossil"
material. Correctly, one should better recognize
that there exists no more reason to expect a future
shortage of petroleum than of, say, mid-oceanic ridge
basalt (MORB). [MORB is the rock characteristic of
the loci of the deep suture, spreading zones on the
mid-ocean floor where new oceanic crust is constantly
being erupted from the mantle of the Earth.] Those
predictive errors obtain specifically from neglect of
several extremely large potential sources of
petroleum, of which a few are set forth here.
(1.) The potential to produce petroleum from the
crystalline basement, from volcanic structures, from
impact structures, and from non-sedimentary regions
generally has been entirely neglected.
(2.) The petroleum potential of the riftogenic suture
zones, both subsea and on-shore, have been largely
neglected.
(3.) The petroleum which certainly exists and will
surely be produced from reservoirs underneath those
presently being produced has been almost entirely
neglected [Note 3].
(4.) The potential to produce petroleum gas from
reservoirs beneath the methane clathrate zones has
been completely neglected, as has mostly the same of
the methane clathrate reserves themselves.
(5.) The potential that certain of the petroleum
fields presently producing may be drawing pressured
hydrocarbons from an open and active fault or conduit
from the mantle, and therefore, may never be
depleted,[Note 5] has been entirely neglected, as has
the potential to develop non-depleting fields by deep
drilling.(Mahfoud and Beck 1995)
In view of these considerations, there stands no
reason to worry about, and even less to plan for, any
predicted demise of the petroleum industry based upon
a vanishing of petroleum reserves. On the contrary,
these considerations compel additional investment and
development in the technology and skills of deep
drilling, of deep seismic measurement and
interpretation, of the reservoir properties of
crystalline rock, and of the associated completion
and production practices which should be applied in
such non-traditional reservoirs.
Not only are any predictions that the world is
"running out of oil" invalid, so also are suggestions
that the petroleum exploration and production
industry is a "mature" or "declining" one. This
writer's experience, gained from working in the
former U.S.S.R. during the past five years, has
provided compelling evidence that the petroleum
industry is only now entering its adolescence.
-
Anisimov, V. V., V. G. Vasilyev, et al. (1959).
"Berezov gas-prone district, and perspectives of its
development." Geology of Oil and Gas 9: 1-6.
Boiko, G. E. (1968). The Transformation of deep
Petroleum under the Conditions of the Earth's Crust.
Kiev, Naukova Dumka.
Campbell, C. J. (1991). The golden century of oil:
1950-2050. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic.
Campbell, C. J. (1994). "The imminent end of cheap
oil-based energy." SunWorld 18(4, Dec 1994).
Campbell, C. J. (1995). "The imminent end of cheap
oil-based energy." SunWorld 19(1, March 1995).
Chekaliuk, E. B. (1967). Oil in the Earth's Upper
Mantle. Kiev, Naukova Dumka.
Chekaliuk, E. B. (1971). The Thermodynamic Basis for
theTheory of the Abiotic Genesis of Petroleum. Kiev,
Naukova Dumka.
Chekaliuk, E. B. and J. F. Kenney (1991). "The
stability of hydrocarbons in the thermodynamic
conditions of the Earth." Proc. Am. Phys. Soc. 36(3):
347.
Dolenko, G. E. (1968). "The origin of oil and gas
deposits in the crust of the Earth." Geol. Zh. 2: 67.
Dolenko, G. N. (1971). On the origin of petroleum
deposits. The Origin of Petroleum and Natural Gas and
the Formation of the Commercial Deposits. Kiev,
Naukova Dumka: 3.
Fuller, J. G. C. (1993). The oil industry today. The
British Association Lectures 1993. London, The
Geological Society. 53.
Kenney, J. F. (1995). The spontaneous high-pressure
generation and stability of hydrocarbons: the
generation of n-alkanes, benzene, toluene & xylene at
multi-kilobar pressures. Joint XV AIR/APT
International Conference on High-Pressure Physics and
Technology, Warsaw.
Krayushkin, V. A. (1965). Theoretical Problems of
Migration and Accumulation of Oil and Natural Gas.
Synopsis of theses for degree of Doctor of Science.
Moscow, I. M. Gubkin Institute of the Oil-Chemical,
and Gas Industry: 36.
Krayushkin, V. A. (1984). The Abiotic, Mantle Origin
of Petroleum. Kiev, Naukova Dumka.
Krayushkin, V. A., T. I. Tchebanenko, V. P. Klochko,
Ye. S. Dvoryanin, J. F. Kenney (1994). Recent
applications of the modern theory of abiogenic
hydrocarbon origins: Drilling and development of oil
& gas fields in the Dneiper-Donets Basin. VIIth
International Symposium on the Observation of the
Continental Crust through Drilling, Santa Fe, NM,
DOSECC: 21-24..
Kropotkin, P. N., Ed. (1956). Origin of hydrocarbons
of the Earth's crust. Proceedings of Discussion on
the Problem of Origin and Migration of Oil. Kiev,
Academy of Sciences Press, the Ukrainian SSR.
Kudryavtsev, N. A. (1951). "On the problem of
petroleum genesis and the formation of oil deposits."
Neft. Kh-vo. 9: 17-29.
Kudryavtsev, N. A. (1959). Oil, Gas, and Solid
Bitumens in Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks. Leningrad,
State Fuel Technical Press.
Kudryavtsev, N. A. (1963). Deep Faults and Oil
Deposits. Leningrad, Gostoptekhizdat.
Letnikov, F. A., I. K. Karpov, et al. (1977). The
Fluid Regime of Earth Crust and Upper Mantle. Moscow,
Nauka Press.
Linetskii, V. F. (1974). The Migration of Oil and Gas
at Great Depths. Kiev, Naukova Dumka.
Mahfoud, R. F. and J. N. Beck (1995). "Why the Middle
East fields may produce oil forever." Offshore April
1995: 58-64, 106.
Markevich, B. P. (1966). The History of Geological
Evolution, and Petroleum-Content of the West Siberian
Lowland. Moscow, Nauka Press.
Odell, P. R. (1984). "World oil resources, reserves,
and production." The Energy Journal 15(Special
Issue): 89-114.
Odell, P. R. (1991). "Global and regional energy
supplies: Recent fictions and fallacies revisited."
Energy Exploration & Exploitation 9(5): 237-258.
Odell, P. R. (1994). "Global energy market: Future
supply potentials." Energy Exploration & Exploitation
12(1): 59-72.
Porfir'yev, V. B. (1959). The Problem of the
Migration of Petroleum and the Formation of
Accumulations of Oil and Gas. Moscow,
Gostoptekhizdat.
Porfir'yev, V. B. and V. P. Klochko (1981). Oil-
content problem of basement of the Siberia.
Geological and Geochemical Principles of Prospect for
Oil and Gas. Kiev, Naukova Dumka Press: 36-101.
Raznitsyn, V. A. (1963). "Perspectives of petroleum-
content of the Timan-Pechera Region." Petroleum
Geology and Geophysics 10: 27-31.
Simakov, S. N. (1986). Forcasting and Estimation of
the Petroleum-bearing Subsurface at Great Depths.
Leningrad, Nedra.
-
Notes
1. Just as diamonds can be created in a laboratory at
low pressures by such processes as an acetylene
plasma, so likewise can heavy hydrocarbons be
synthesized by such as the Fischer-Tropsch process.
But neither process is much mimicked in natural
circumstances, and under such thermodynamic
conditions of synthesis, the produced hydrocarbons
are unstable and would decompose in any natural
environment.
2. In the very abbreviated bibliography are given
only a selection of the earliest works published in
the subjects by those particular men. For examples,
both Krayushkin and Porfir'yev published each more
than two hundred articles and several monographs on
the subject.
3. And such neglect occurs now forty-five years after
Kudryavtsev taught the petroleum industry about those
reservoirs !
4. It deserves to be pointed out that such neglect
continues despite these possibilities having been
brought to the attention of the international
petroleum industry in western trade journals.(Mahfoud
and Beck 1995)
-
Published in, "Special Edition on The Future of
Petroleum" in Energy World, British Institute of
Petroleum, London, June 1996.
Republished by Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan,
1997.
-----------------------------------------
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